All praise is due to Allah, and may peace and blessings be upon the Messenger of Allah.
There is no doubt that Satan seeks ways to enter a person's heart in order to tempt them. He may take advantage of moments when the heart is weak, making false statements, actions, and beliefs seem appealing to that person.
Islamic teachings instruct Muslims to maintain moderation in their emotions, control their behavior, and avoid exceeding the limits set by Allah, the Exalted. He says:
“So that you may not grieve over what has escaped you, nor exult over what He has given you.” [Al-Hadid: 23]
The Prophet ﷺ also said:
“Do not become angry.” Narrated by Al-Bukhari.
The emotions mentioned in the question may weaken the heart and diminish the perfection of faith, making a person more vulnerable to Satan's whispers and influence. A person's spiritual protection becomes weaker to the extent that these emotions affect their heart.
However, it is not correct to say that these things completely invalidate spiritual protection. A person retains protection according to their faith, struggle against their own desires, and resistance to Satan. This protection weakens according to how much they surrender to their anger or personal desires.
As for using personal experience as evidence that these emotions invalidate spiritual protection, this is questionable, because their effect on spiritual protection is an unseen matter that cannot be perceived through the senses, unlike medicines and treatments whose tangible effects can be observed.
A person may recite prescribed supplications and protective remembrances without experiencing the expected effect for several reasons, including:
Reciting them while the heart is distracted and not fully attentive.
The presence of obstacles to the acceptance of supplication, such as consuming unlawful earnings or food.
The existence of other causes that allow Satan to influence a person despite reciting supplications and remembrances.
As for the hadith concerning performing ablution when angry, the weakness of the narration about this matter has already been explained. Therefore, it is not valid to use it as evidence establishing this issue.
Conclusion: Anger, sadness, anxiety, and sins may weaken the heart and make a person more vulnerable to Satan's whispers. However, they do not completely invalidate Islamic spiritual protection, and there is no reliable evidence proving that these emotions nullify it.
And Allah knows best.