All praise is due to Allah, and may peace and blessings be upon the Messenger of Allah.
The correct view is that people will be called on the Day of Judgment by their fathers’ names, not their mothers’ names. This is what is indicated by the authentic Sunnah.
Al-Bukhari and Muslim narrated from Ibn Umar, may Allah be pleased with them both, that the Prophet ﷺ said regarding a treacherous person:
“A banner will be raised for him on the Day of Judgment, and it will be said: ‘This is the treachery of so-and-so, son of so-and-so.’”
Abu Dawud narrated from Abu al-Darda’, may Allah be pleased with him, that the Prophet ﷺ said:
“You will be called on the Day of Judgment by your names and your fathers’ names, so choose good names.”
Scholars of hadith have graded this narration as Hasan (good).
As for the hadith cited as evidence that people will be called by their mothers’ names, it is weak and cannot be used as proof. A number of leading hadith scholars have classified it as weak.
It is also incorrect to use the statement of Allah, the Exalted:
“On the Day when We will call every people by their leader.” [Qur’an 17:71]
as evidence that people will be called by their mothers’ names. This is one of the weak interpretations of the verse.
As for someone whose lineage to his father has not been established, such as a person whose paternal lineage has been legally severed, he will be called in a manner consistent with how he is called in this worldly life. It is not necessary that he be attributed to his mother in every circumstance.
In conclusion, the authentic Sunnah indicates that the general rule for calling people on the Day of Judgment is to use their names and their fathers’ names. The claim that people will be called by their mothers’ names is not established by any authentic hadith.
And Allah Almighty knows best.